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35. What is a Region?
Ans: A Region is a continuous area of a process’s address space (such as text, data and stack). The kernel in a ‘Region Table’ that is local to the process maintains region. Regions are sharable among the process.
36. What are the events done by the Kernel after a process is being swapped out from the main memory?
Ans: When Kernel swaps the process out of the primary memory, it performs the following:
Kernel decrements the Reference Count of each region of the process. If the reference count becomes zero, swaps the region out of the main memory,Kernel allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device,Kernel locks the other swapping process while the current swapping operation is going on,The Kernel saves the swap address of the region in the region table.
37. Is the Process before and after the swap are the same? Give reason.
Ans: Process before swapping is residing in the primary memory in its original form. The regions (text, data and stack) may not be occupied fully by the process, there may be few empty slots in any of the regions and while swapping Kernel do not bother about the empty slots while swapping the process out. After swapping the process resides in the swap (secondary memory) device. The regions swapped out will be present but only the occupied region slots but not the empty slots that were present before assigning. While swapping the process once again into the main memory, the Kernel referring to the Process Memory Map, it assigns the main memory accordingly taking care of the empty slots in the regions.
38. What do you mean by u-area (user area) or u-block?
Ans: This contains the private data that is manipulated only by the Kernel. This is local to the Process, i.e. each process is allocated a u-area.
39. What are the entities that are swapped out of the main memory while swapping the process out of the main memory?
Ans: All memory space occupied by the process, process’s u-area, and Kernel stack are swapped out, theoretically. Practically, if the process’s u-area contains the Address Translation Tables for the process then Kernel implementations do not swap the u-area.
40. What is Fork swap?
Ans: fork() is a system call to create a child process. When the parent process calls fork() system call, the child process is created and if there is short of memory then the child process is sent to the read-to-run state in the swap device, and return to the user state without swapping the parent process. When the memory will be available the child process will be swapped into the main memory.
41. What is Expansion swap?
Ans: At the time when any process requires more memory than it is currently allocated, the Kernel performs Expansion swap. To do this Kernel reserves enough space in the swap device. Then the address translation mapping is adjusted for the new virtual address space but the physical memory is not allocated. At last Kernel swaps the process into the assigned space in the swap device. Later when the Kernel swaps the process into the main memory this assigns memory according to the new address translation mapping.
42. How the Swapper works?
Ans: The swapper is the only process that swaps the processes. The Swapper operates only in the Kernel mode and it does not uses System calls instead it uses internal Kernel functions for swapping. It is the archetype of all kernel process.
43. What are the processes that are not bothered by the swapper? Give Reason.
Ans: Zombie process: They do not take any up physical memory.Processes locked in memories that are updating the region of the process.Kernel swaps only the sleeping processes rather than the ‘ready-to-run’ processes, as they have the higher probability of being scheduled than the Sleeping processes.
44. What are the requirements for a swapper to work?
Ans: The swapper works on the highest scheduling priority. Firstly it will look for any sleeping process, if not found then it will look for the ready-to-run process for swapping. But the major requirement for the swapper to work the ready-to-run process must be core-resident for at least 2 seconds before swapping out. And for swapping in the process must have been resided in the swap device for at least 2 seconds. If the requirement is not satisfied then the swapper will go into the wait state on that event and it is awaken once in a second by the Kernel.
45. What are the criteria for choosing a process for swapping into memory from the swap device?
Ans: The resident time of the processes in the swap device, the priority of the processes and the amount of time the processes had been swapped out.
46. What are the criteria for choosing a process for swapping out of the memory to the swap device?
Ans: The process’s memory resident time,Priority of the process and the nice value.
47. What do you mean by nice value?
Ans: Nice value is the value that controls {increments or decrements} the priority of the process. This value that is returned by the nice () system call. The equation for using nice value is: Priority = (“recent CPU usage”/constant) + (base- priority) + (nice value) Only the administrator can supply the nice value. The nice () system call works for the running process only. Nice value of one process cannot affect the nice value of the other process.
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sir its really helpfull for me thank you sir.